For decades, tailpipe emissions have dominated discussions about vehicle pollution. But another, often overlooked culprit is gaining attention: brake dust. As cars grow heavier and urban driving increases, the wear on brake pads releases harmful particles into the air—posing health risks and environmental concerns. Now, with the European Union introducing the world’s first brake emission limits, the auto industry faces a shift toward cleaner, but potentially costlier, braking systems.
The Growing Problem of Brake Dust
Every time a driver hits the brakes, friction wears down the pads and discs, releasing fine particles of metal, carbon, and other materials. Studies suggest these particles may be even more damaging to lung health than diesel exhaust. While electric vehicles (EVs) reduce some of this wear through regenerative braking, they still rely on friction brakes in certain situations.
According to experts, brake dust now contributes significantly to urban air pollution, yet public awareness remains low. “There’s limited recognition of how much this affects air quality,” says one transport specialist.
New Rules, New Solutions
Starting next year, the EU’s Euro 7 standards will cap brake emissions of PM10 (particles under 10 micrometres) for new vehicles. Similar regulations are expected in China by 2025, with a focus on even smaller PM2.5 particles.
To comply, manufacturers are exploring several approaches:
– Coated brake discs – Strengthened to reduce wear.
– Alternative pad materials – Such as copper-free compounds that produce fewer emissions.
– Drum brakes – Making a comeback because they trap dust inside, reducing airborne particles.
Some companies are going beyond regulations. Italian manufacturer Brembo has developed laser-coated brakes that cut emissions by up to 90%, while Tenneco offers low-emission pads that also reduce noise—a plus for EV drivers.
The Price of Cleaner Brakes
While these innovations promise cleaner air, they may also mean higher costs. Premium vehicles already use advanced braking systems, but extending these to budget models could raise prices. In regions without strict regulations, like the UK, cost-conscious drivers may resist paying extra for environmental benefits.
Experts caution that while cleaner brakes help, the real solution lies in reducing car dependency. “Better urban planning and public transport will have a far greater impact,” says one mobility advocate.
As cities worldwide grapple with pollution, the push for cleaner brakes marks a small but important step—one that could soon become the global standard.
